Traveling can be stressful, especially when you’re trying to figure out the rules for your carry on vs personal item. Different airlines have their own regulations, and it’s easy to get confused. A carry-on bag is usually stored in the overhead bin, while a personal item must fit under the seat in front of you. Knowing the difference can save you from unexpected fees.
Each airline has its own size and weight limits. For example, Frontier allows personal items of 18 by 14 by 8 inches, while United permits 17 by 10 by 9 inches. Checking these limits before you pack can help you avoid last-minute issues at the airport. To ensure your luggage complies with airline regulations, it’s crucial to measure luggage size accurately. Most airlines adhere to a 62 linear inches luggage limit, which means the combined length, width, and height of your bag shouldn’t exceed this measurement. By understanding these guidelines and properly measuring your luggage, you can streamline the check-in process and avoid unexpected fees.
Budget airlines often charge for carry-on bags but not for personal items. Make sure to check the baggage policies of the airline you are flying with. This way, you can plan and pack efficiently without extra costs. Investing in best lightweight luggage can be beneficial for frequent travelers, similar to the luggage do pilots use.
Defining Carry On vs Personal Item
A carry-on is usually a larger bag stowed in the overhead bin, while a personal item is smaller and fits under the seat in front of you.
Characteristics of a Carry-On
A carry-on is a larger bag that you can bring onto the plane. These bags are commonly stored in the overhead bin above your seat. The average size allowed for a carry-on is about 22 x 14 x 9 inches, but this can vary slightly by airline.
Carry-on bags often include roller bags, small suitcases, or large backpacks. They typically weigh between 15-22 pounds. Airlines may impose different limits on weight, so it’s good practice to check the guidelines of your specific airline.
Carry-ons are ideal for short trips, where you need more space than a personal item can provide. They are also useful if you want to avoid checked baggage fees and wait times at the baggage claim area.
Characteristics of a Personal Item
A personal item is smaller than a carry-on and should fit under the seat in front of you. Common examples include purses, small backpacks, laptop bags, and briefcases.
The dimensions of a personal item are usually around 18 x 14 x 8 inches, but again, this can vary by airline. Unlike carry-ons, personal items generally do not have a specified weight limit, though it’s still good to verify any specifics with your carrier.
Personal items are perfect for essentials you want easy access to during the flight, like books, snacks, or electronic devices. Low-cost airlines often allow only a personal item for free, with extra charges for a carry-on, making it the more economical option.
Airline Policies and Standards
Understanding airline policies for carry-on baggage and personal items can help you avoid surprises at the airport. These rules dictate what size and weight your bags should be and can vary significantly between airlines.
Size and Weight Restrictions
Carry-on bags often have specific size and weight limits. For example, international carriers like British Airways allow carry-ons up to 22 by 18 by 10 inches. U.S. airlines usually accept slightly different dimensions. Your bag must fit in the overhead bin.
Personal items, such as a small backpack, must fit under the seat in front of you. The typical size may be around 15.75 x 11.8 inches. Weight limits can range widely, from 11 to 26 pounds, depending on the airline.
Check your airline’s website for specific guidelines to avoid having to check your bags at the gate.
Variability Among Airlines
Airline policies can differ greatly. Low-cost airlines might charge for carry-on bags, while full-service airlines include them in the ticket price. For instance, budget airlines may only allow a free personal item and charge extra for larger carry-on luggage.
Different airlines also have unique size requirements. For example, KLM’s carry-on size is 21.5 x 13.8 x 9.8 inches, while Lufthansa allows 21.7 x 15.75 x 9 inches.
Always review the latest guidelines for your specific airline to ensure compliance with their policies. This can save time and avoid extra fees.
Packing Strategies
Effective packing makes travel easier by optimizing space and ensuring you bring essential items in the most efficient way.
Maximizing Space Efficiency
To make the most of your luggage space, use techniques like rolling clothes instead of folding them. Rolling helps reduce wrinkles and allows you to fit more items. Use packing cubes to organize your belongings and compress items.
Stuff smaller items like socks into shoes to save space. Choose versatile clothing that can be mixed and matched. Electronics and chargers can go into compartments or pockets. For liquids, consider using travel-sized bottles.
Packing lists can also help you avoid overpacking. Prioritize items you absolutely need and leave out non-essentials.
Items Best Suited for Each Category
Your carry-on typically holds bulkier items and those you won’t need during the flight, like clothes, shoes, and toiletries. Using a carry-on ensures ease of access once you reach your destination and maximizes cabin storage.
A personal item sits under the seat. It’s ideal for items you need during the flight: laptops, tablets, books, snacks, and any medications. Make sure it’s small enough to fit under the seat and easy to access.
Separating items this way ensures you have everything you need during the flight while keeping larger items stored away in the carry-on. This makes your travel experience smoother and more organized.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
When packing for a trip, it’s easy to make a few mistakes that can lead to extra charges or wasted time at the airport. Knowing the difference between a carry-on vs personal item can help avoid these issues.
Overpacking
Overpacking is a common mistake that many travelers make. Each airline has different size and weight limits for carry-ons and personal items. You should always check these limits before you pack. Carry-on bags are often stored in the overhead bin and may have stricter size requirements. A personal item, like a small backpack or purse, must fit under the seat in front of you. Overpacking can lead to your bag not fitting in the designated spaces, resulting in extra fees. Pack only what you need and leave out items that aren’t essential for your trip. Prioritize lightweight and versatile clothing to maximize space. Utilize packing cubes or compression bags to efficiently use the space in your luggage. Knowing the largest luggage size for check-in is crucial to avoid unexpected fees and ensure a smooth travel experience.
Inappropriate Item Placement
Another mistake is putting inappropriate items in your carry on vs personal item. Items like liquids over 3.4 ounces, sharp objects, and certain electronics should not be packed in your carry-on due to TSA regulations. Toiletries and small electronics are best placed in your personal item for easy access during security checks. Bulky items that you won’t need during the flight should go in the carry-on to save space in your personal item. Medicines, travel documents, and other essentials should always be kept in your personal item where you can easily reach them. Always double-check what is allowed in both bags to avoid delays at the airport. Understanding the different types of luggage and their purpose can help you pack efficiently.
Top Picks for Carry on vs Personal Item
Choosing the right carry on vs personal item can make your trip smoother. Here are some top picks for each, featuring the best luggage brands in the industry.
- Samsonite Winfield 3 DLX: Sturdy and stylish, fits in most overhead bins., Dimensions: 22″ x 14″ x 9″
- Travelpro Platinum Elite: Known for durability and smooth wheels., Dimensions: 21″ x 14″ x 9″
- Away Carry-On: Comes with a built-in battery charger., Dimensions: 22.7″ x 14.7″ x 9.6″
- TUMI Voyageur Tres Léger: Fits under most airline seats., Dimensions: 17″ x 12″ x 6″
- Targus Newport Backpack: Sleek design, perfect for laptops., Dimensions: 17.33″ x 11.6″ x 5.2″
- eBags Crew Cooler II: Great for snacks and small electronics., Dimensions: 13.5″ x 6.5″ x 14″
Here are some important size guidelines from major airlines:
Choosing the right bags makes your flight easier and avoids extra fees. Make sure to check your airline’s specific guidelines before you travel.
1. Samsonite Omni PC Hardside Expandable Luggage
Product Specifications
- Dimensions: 22 x 15 x 9.8 inches
- Weight: 6.2 pounds
- Material: Polycarbonate
- Expandable: Yes, with a zipper for extra space
- Wheels: Spinner wheels for 360-degree movement
- Color Options: Multiple colors available
The Samsonite Omni PC Hardside Expandable Luggage brings together durability, practicality, and style, making it a solid choice for travelers. This section covers important points about its features, benefits, and drawbacks to help you decide if it suits your needs.
Why Do We Like It?
The Samsonite Omni PC stands out for its strong build and lightweight design. The polycarbonate material provides a hard shell that resists scuffs and scratches. The expandable zipper is useful for fitting in those extra items you might pick up on your travels.
Its spinner wheels make maneuvering through airports and train stations effortless. You’ll find it easy to roll even in tight spaces. The interior features divided compartments with cross straps, helping to keep your belongings organized.
Our Verdict
The Samsonite Omni PC Hardside Expandable Luggage is a reliable and practical carry-on. Its manageable weight and easy mobility are great for frequent flyers. It fits well in overhead bins of most airlines, although it’s slightly larger than some carry-on size requirements.
It’s a good choice if you need something that combines style, utility, and durability. While it might not be the best for those strictly limited by carry-on size, its benefits often outweigh this minor drawback.
Reason to Buy
- Durable: Strong polycarbonate material resists damage.
- Lightweight: Weighs only 6.2 pounds.
- Expandable: Extra packing space with the expandable feature.
- Mobility: Smooth-rolling spinner wheels for easy movement.
- Design: Professional and classic look.
Reason to Avoid
- Slightly Large: May exceed size limits for some airlines.
- Cost: Higher-end pricing for larger sizes.
- Limited Weight Capacity: Although lightweight, you must still manage the overall weight for lifting into overhead bins.
The Samsonite Omni PC Hardside Expandable Luggage is a strong contender in the carry-on market, particularly for travelers who need a blend of durability, functionality, and ease of transport.
2. American Tourister Stratum 2.0 Expandable Hardside Luggage
Product Specifications
- Material: Hardside polycarbonate
- Wheels: 360-degree spinner wheels
- Handle: Retractable handle
- Color Options: Slate Blue, Purple Haze
The American Tourister Stratum 2.0 Expandable Hardside Luggage is a durable and stylish carry-on option. It offers great maneuverability and various design features that make travel easier.
Why Do We Like It?
You will appreciate its excellent durability and smooth maneuverability. The hardside polycarbonate material ensures the luggage handles wear and tear well. The spinner wheels make it easy to navigate through crowded airports. Its expandable nature is convenient when you need to pack extra items. The sleek design also adds an element of style.
Our Verdict
This luggage is ideal for short trips and appeals to those seeking a reliable and stylish carry-on. The combination of durability, ease of use, and expandability makes it a good investment for frequent travelers. Its ability to withstand rough handling while maintaining its sleek appearance is a big plus.
Reason to Buy
- Durable hardside material
- Smooth spinner wheels
- Expandable for additional storage
- Stylish design
Reason to Avoid
- Somewhat heavier at 7.28 lbs
- Limited color options
With its durability and convenient features, this luggage is a solid choice for any traveler.
3. TUMI – 19 Degree International Expandable 4 Wheeled Carry-On
Product Specifications
- Dimensions: 21.8″ x 14.0″ x 9.0″ (expands up to 11.0″)
- Material: Recycled polycarbonate for the hard shell
- Color Options: Primarily available in black
- Weight: Lightweight design
- Security: Features a zip entry to the main compartment and compression straps for secure packing
This carry-on offers a blend of durability, style, and functionality. It is designed for both international and domestic travel, providing a reliable option for any trip.
Why Do We Like It?
The TUMI 19 Degree carry-on stands out because of its durability. The recycled polycarbonate shell is tough yet lightweight, making it a breeze to handle. Plus, expandability adds flexibility for those trips where you need extra space.
The sleek design and the color choices make it a stylish option for travelers looking for both function and form.
Our Verdict
This carry-on is excellent for travelers who need a blend of durability and style. If you are often on the go, this carry-on will provide the reliability you need. The security features and expandability are key selling points, ensuring you have a versatile travel companion.
Reason to Buy
- Durable and lightweight
- Expandable design
- Stylish aesthetics]
- Secure packing features
Reason to Avoid
- Higher price point
- Limited color options
- Can be bulky for some users
- Smaller interior compared to larger luggage
4. Travelpro Maxlite Air Hardside Expandable Carry on Luggage
Product Specifications
- Material: 100% polycarbonate
- Weight: Lightweight
- Dimensions: Fits in the overhead bins of most major airlines
- Features: Expandable, 8 spinner wheels, sizer bin tested
- Color Options: Available in multiple colors
The Travelpro Maxlite Air Hardside Expandable Carry on Luggage is built for travelers who want a reliable and durable option. It’s designed to be lightweight yet sturdy, making it an easy choice for frequent flyers.
Why Do We Like It?
The Maxlite Air is designed with convenience in mind. The expandable feature allows you to pack more while still fitting in overhead bins. The 8 spinner wheels provide smooth mobility, making it easier to navigate through busy airports. The polycarbonate material is both durable and lightweight, ensuring the luggage withstands rough handling without adding extra weight.
Additionally, it is available in several colors, so you can choose one that suits your style.
Our Verdict
The Travelpro Maxlite Air Hardside Expandable Carry on Luggage is a strong choice for both short trips and extended travel. Its mix of durability and light weight makes it easy to handle, while the expandable feature offers added flexibility. The engineered exterior ensures long-lasting use, and the stylish design adds a touch of elegance.
Overall, it combines practicality and style effectively.
Reason to Buy
- Durable Material: 100% polycarbonate prevents damage
- Lightweight: Easy to carry and maneuver
- Expandable: Allows for additional packing space
- Smooth Mobility: 8 spinner wheels ensure easy movement
- Stylish Finish: Reduces visible scratches and scuffs
Reason to Avoid
- Price: Higher compared to some other carry-ons
- Limited Internal Organization: May not have enough pockets for some users
- Size Limits: May not fit in smaller aircraft overhead bins
This luggage offers great features but can be a bit pricey. Its durability and lightweight design make it a great investment if you travel often.
5. DELSEY Paris Chatelet Air 2.0 Hardside Luggage
Product Specifications
- Carry-On: 24.7 x 10.25 x 15.25 inches
- Medium Spinner: 26.5 x 19 x 13 inches
- Large Spinner: 32 x 20 x 12.75 inches
- Material: Textured Basketweave Polycarbonate Shell
- Features: Spinner wheels, corner protectors, deluxe interior with antimicrobial lining
- Color Options: Various styles and shades
The DELSEY Paris Chatelet Air 2.0 Hardside Luggage combines style, function, and durability. This section covers specifications, reasons to like it, a verdict, and the pros and cons.
Why Do We Like It?
You will appreciate this luggage for its blend of elegance and practicality. The tough polycarbonate shell provides protection, and the corner protectors add extra durability. The antimicrobial lining in the interior keeps your belongings sanitary.
The spinner wheels make it easy to maneuver through crowded airports. The interior is deluxe, which makes packing and unpacking convenient. It’s available in multiple sizes and colors, so you can find one that fits your travel needs and style.
Our Verdict
If you want luggage that is both stylish and functional, the DELSEY Paris Chatelet Air 2.0 Hardside Luggage is a great choice. It offers durability, ease of use, and a sleek design. It’s suitable for various travel needs, from short trips to longer vacations.
The antimicrobial interior is an added bonus for keeping your belongings clean. Its versatility, combined with the robust build, makes this luggage a valuable investment.
Reason to Buy
- Durable: Made from strong polycarbonate
- Stylish: Available in multiple colors and styles
- Spacious: Roomy interior for easy packing
- Hygienic: Antimicrobial lining
Reason to Avoid
- Price: Can be expensive
- Weight: Might be heavier than other options
- Availability: Limited in some regions
6. Samsonite Underseat Carry-On Spinner with USB Port
Product Specifications
- Spinner measures 16.5 inches x 13.5 inches x 9 inches
- Weight stands at 5.6 lbs.
- USB Port: Integrated for charging your devices on the go.
- Four Spinner Wheels: These provide smooth movement in all directions.
- Multiple Pockets: Useful for organizing your belongings, including laptops and tablets.
- Durable Fabric: Reinforced with Dupont™ Kevlar® fibers for added strength.
The Samsonite Underseat Carry-On Spinner with USB Port is designed for both convenience and comfort, featuring compact dimensions and modern functionalities. This luggage piece promises mobility and ease of travel, fitting comfortably under most airline seats.
Why Do We Like It?
You’ll appreciate the easy mobility thanks to its spinner wheels, which glide effortlessly. The built-in USB port is perfect for keeping your devices charged during long travel hours. It’s compact and fits well under most airline seats, making it an ideal carry-on that avoids extra fees.
It’s also lightweight, making it easy to lift into overhead compartments. Multiple pockets help keep items organized and accessible. The durable fabric and reinforced materials ensure longevity and resistance to wear and tear.
Our Verdict
This carry-on bag stands out with its practical design and useful features. The USB charging port, in particular, is a significant advantage. It’s great for frequent travelers who need to stay connected. The construction is solid, and it’s small enough to act as your personal item on flights.
The product’s versatility and compact size make it a solid companion for both short trips and long journeys. The ease of movement and onboard organization elevate the travel experience, reducing stress and time spent searching for items.
Reason to Buy
- Integrated USB Port: Keeps devices charged.
- Fits Under Airline Seats: Avoids carry-on fees.
- Spinner Wheels: Easy to maneuver.
- Durable Material: Long-lasting.
Reason to Avoid
- Limited Space: Suitable for light packers.
- Personal Battery Not Included: Extra purchase needed for USB functionality.
This Samsonite Underseat Carry-On Spinner with USB Port packs both functionality and convenience, making it a reliable choice for your travels.
7. DELSEY Paris Helium DLX Softside Luggage
Product Specifications
- Carry-on: 16, 20, and 21 inches
- Material: Durable DuraTec™ fabric
- Wheels: Dual-Density Silent-Core™ wheels for smooth rolling
- Security: Zip SECURITECH® technology
- Additional Features: Expandable sections for more packing space
- Removable bi-fold organizer
The DELSEY Paris Helium DLX Softside Luggage is a reliable option for travelers. It combines sleek design with practical features, making your trips easier and more efficient.
Why Do We Like It?
This luggage stands out because it offers smooth rolling wheels. The DuraTec™ fabric ensures the bag looks good while also being durable. The security feature, Zip SECURITECH®, provides extra peace of mind, keeping your belongings safe.
The expandable sections are very useful for packing more items. The removable organizer makes it easier to keep things arranged. All these features make it a strong choice for both casual and frequent travelers.
Our Verdict
The DELSEY Paris Helium DLX is a great blend of style and functionality. Its easy-roll wheels and sturdy fabric mean it can handle various travel conditions. The added security and expandable sections provide even more value.
It’s a good pick if you need a reliable carry-on that can also serve as a versatile travel bag. Whether you are a business traveler or a vacationer, this luggage works well for most needs.
Reason to Buy
- Smooth rolling Dual-Density™ wheels
- Durable DuraTec™ fabric
- Secure Zip SECURITECH®
- Expandable for additional space
- Removable organizer for better packing
Reason to Avoid
- Spinner wheels might not maneuver well under heavy load
- Can be front-heavy which affects balance
These points give you a quick look at what makes this luggage stand out and where it might fall short.
8. Travelpro Maxlite 5 Softside Lightweight Underseat Carry-On Travel Tote
Product Specifications
- Weight: 5.5 lbs (2.5 kg)
- Dimensions: 18 inches, 14.5 inches, 8.5 inches
- Capacity: 26 liters
- Features: PowerScope Lite handle, Reduces wobble, Supports additional tote or case
- ECOFAB™ lining: Made from 100% post-consumer recycled plastic bottles, Treatable material
- Type: Underseat Carry-On
The Travelpro Maxlite 5 Softside Lightweight Underseat Carry-On Travel Tote is a practical choice for travelers needing both a carry-on and a personal item. It’s designed for convenience, fitting easily under most airplane seats.
Why Do We Like It?
This Travelpro tote stands out because of its lightweight construction. Despite its light weight, it’s still sturdy and durable.
The handle is designed to reduce wobbling, making it easier to navigate through crowded airports. Additionally, the ECOFAB™ lining is not only eco-friendly but also resistant to moisture.
The bag offers ample storage space. You can easily pack it with personal items, small gadgets, and in-flight essentials.
Our Verdict
The Travelpro Maxlite 5 Underseat Carry-On is ideal for travelers who want a reliable, lightweight, and eco-friendly tote that fits under airplane seats.
It succeeds as both a carry-on and a personal item, making it versatile for different travel needs. The functionality and eco-conscious design make it a great pick for a wide range of travelers.
Reason to Buy
- Lightweight at 5.5 lbs
- Fits under most airplane seats
- Durable, moisture-resistant ECOFAB™ lining
- Sturdy PowerScope Lite handle
Reason to Avoid
- Limited in color options
- May not fit all seat configurations in smaller planes
- Not suitable for longer trips where more storage is needed
9. Briggs & Riley Rhapsody Softside Underseat Carry On Cabin Spinner
Product Specifications
- Dimensions: 16” x 14” x 8”
- Weight: Approximately 5.1 lbs
- Material: High-quality fabric with a sleek design
- Wheels: Smooth rolling spinner wheels
The Briggs & Riley Rhapsody Softside Underseat Carry On Cabin Spinner is a reliable and compact option for short trips. This bag fits easily under most airline seats, making it a convenient choice for travelers.
Why Do We Like It?
You will appreciate the smart design of this carry-on. It offers ample storage while maintaining a compact size. The front pocket is easy to access, making it simple to retrieve essentials like travel documents and electronics quickly. Additionally, the bag includes a padded laptop pocket to protect your device during travel.
Our Verdict
This bag is great for travelers who need a reliable underseat carry-on. It fits well under most airline seats, which means you won’t have to struggle to find overhead bin space. The light weight and spinner wheels make it easy to maneuver through crowded airports.
Reason to Buy
- Compact and fits under most airline seats
- Padded laptop pocket for extra protection
- Smooth rolling spinner wheels for easy transport
- Available in multiple colors
Reason to Avoid
- Does not fit under stricter airline size limits, like those of United Airlines
- May be too small for longer trips
- Higher price point compared to other brands
Your travel will be more convenient with the Briggs & Riley Rhapsody Softside Underseat Carry On Cabin Spinner. It combines style, functionality, and ease of use, making it a top choice for short trips.
10. TPRC Smart Under Seat Carry-On Luggage
Product Specifications
- Dimensions: 15 inches
- Weight: Approximately 7 pounds
- Material: Durable polyester fabric
- Color Options: Black
- Special Feature: Built-in USB charging port
The TPRC Smart Under Seat Carry-On Luggage stands out due to its smart design, lightweight construction, and practical features like a USB charging port.
Why Do We Like It?
You will appreciate the TPRC Smart Under Seat Carry-On Luggage for its practical features and smart design. The built-in USB charging port lets you charge your devices on the go.
Its size is perfect for fitting under the seat, so you don’t have to worry about overhead bin space.
The lightweight design ensures that you don’t carry extra weight, making your travel experience more comfortable.
Our Verdict
We find the TPRC Smart Under Seat Carry-On Luggage to be a great option for travelers who need a small, convenient bag. Its compact size and smart features make it especially useful for frequent flyers and business travelers.
The durable construction ensures it can withstand regular use, while the USB charging port adds a modern touch.
If you’re looking for an underseat option that combines practicality with technology, this luggage is worth considering.
Reason to Buy
- USB Charging Port: Allows you to charge devices easily.
- Compact Size: Fits under most airline seats.
- Lightweight: Easy to carry without adding extra weight.
Reason to Avoid
- Limited Space: Not ideal for longer trips.
- Single Color Option: Only available in black.
- No Hard Shell: May not provide the same protection as hard-shell luggage.
The TPRC Smart Under Seat Carry-On Luggage offers a blend of convenience and functionality that can simplify your travels. While it has some limitations, its advantages make it a desirable choice for many travelers.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the size restrictions for carry on vs personal items on major airlines?
Carry-on size limits usually vary by airline. Most allow bags around 22 x 14 x 9 inches to fit in the overhead bin. Personal items should fit under the seat in front, often around 16 x 12 x 6 inches, though exact dimensions may vary. Check with your specific airline for details.
Can I bring both a carry-on and a personal item on my flight?
Yes, many airlines permit one carry-on and one personal item per passenger. Carry-ons go in the overhead compartment, while personal items should be small enough to fit under the seat in front of you. Some low-cost airlines may charge extra for carry-on luggage, so it’s wise to verify with your airline.
How does a backpack classify when considering carry-on versus personal item?
A backpack can count as either a carry-on or a personal item depending on its size. Smaller backpacks that fit under the seat are seen as personal items. Larger ones that need to be stored overhead are considered carry-ons. Make sure to measure your backpack and consult your airline’s guidelines.
What is the main distinction between a carry-on bag and a personal item on a flight?
Carry-on bags are larger and placed in the overhead bins. Personal items are smaller, designed to fit under the seat in front of you. The distinction mainly lies in the size and where you store the bag during the flight.
Are laptops considered a carry-on or a personal item by most airlines?
Laptops are usually considered a personal item. You can carry them in a laptop bag or sleeve that fits under the seat in front of you. This way, it doesn’t count as your carry-on luggage, allowing you to still bring a larger bag for the overhead bin.
Does a personal item include a handbag or small tote on top of a carry-on luggage?
Yes, a personal item can include a handbag, small tote, or briefcase. These must fit under the seat in front of you. You are allowed to bring this along with a carry-on that will go in the overhead compartment. Always check your airline’s specific rules as they can differ.
